A dor crônica e certas condições de dor crônica podem aumentar o risco de declínio cognitivo acelerado, nova apresentação de comprometimento cognitivo (CI) e incidentes associados a Doença de Alzheimer e Demências Relacionadas (AD/ADRD). No entanto, a pesquisa permanece escassa e a interpretação dos achados existentes é dificultada pelas limitações metodológicas e outras que caracterizam a maioria dos estudos. A relação da dor crônica e das condições de dor crônica com formas específicas de demência também permanece incerta. O artigo a seguir resume exclusivamente a discussão dos destaques da revisão.
Nesta revisão sistemática, foram avaliadas criticamente as evidências disponíveis sobre a associação de dor crônica e condições específicas de dor crônica comum ao declínio subsequente da função cognitiva, comprometimento cognitivo (IC) de início recente e doença de Alzheimer e demências relacionadas (ADRD). Com base nisso foi construído um modelo conceitual preliminar que ilustra caminhos potenciais que ligam a dor à mudança cognitiva.
Após pesquisar sete bancos de dados científicos e bibliografias digitalizadas de artigos identificados e artigos de revisão relevantes, 16 estudos foram incluídos na revisão, incluindo 11 sobre a associação de osteoartrite (N = 4), fibromialgia (N = 1) ou dor de cabeça/enxaqueca (N = 6) para incidente de ADRD (N = 10) e/ou seus subtipos (N = 6), e 5 investigando a relação de sintomas de dor crônica com declínio cognitivo subsequente (N = 2), IC (N = 1) e/ou ADRD (N = 3).
Juntos, os resultados dos estudos sugerem que a dor crônica e certas condições de dor crônica podem aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento de ADRD. Dos 10 estudos avaliando a relação de osteoartrite3Huang S-W, Wang W-T, Chou L-C, Liao C-D, Liou T-H, Lin H-W (2015) Osteoarthritis increases the risk of dementia: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. Sci Rep 5, 10145. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]4Innes KE, Sambamoorthi U (2020) The association of osteoarthritis and related pain burden to incident Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias: A retrospective cohort study of US Medicare beneficiaries. J Alzheimers Dis 75, 789–805. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]5Chen KT, Chen YC, Fan YH, Lin WX, Lin WC, Wang YH, Lin L, Chiou JY, Wei JC (2018) Rheumatic diseases are associated with a higher risk of dementia: A nation-wide, population-based, case-control study. Int J Rheum Dis 21, 373–380. [PubMed] [Google Scholar], fibromialgia6Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Liu FC, Chiu YH, Chang HA, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Yeh HW, Kao YC, Chiang WS, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chou YC, Lin FH, Chien WC (2018) Fibromyalgia and risk of dementia-a nation-wide, population-based, cohort study. Am J Med Sci 355, 153–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] ou dor de cabeça7Morton RE, St John PD, Tyas SL (2019) Migraine and the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia: A prospective cohort study in community-dwelling older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34, 1667–1676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]8Tzeng N-S, Chung C-H, Lin F-H, Yeh C-B, Huang S-Y, Lu R-B, Chang H-A, Kao Y-C, Chiang W-S, Chou Y-C, Tsao C-H, Wu Y-F, Chien W-C (2017) Headaches and risk of dementia. Am J Med Sci 353, 197–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]9Yang FC, Lin TY, Chen HJ, Lee JT, Lin CC, Kao CH (2016) Increased risk of dementia in patients with tension-type headache: A nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study. Plos One 11, 1–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]10Røttereng AKS, Bosnes O, Stordal E, Zwart J-A, Linde M, Stovner LJ, Hagen K (2015) Headache as a predictor for dementia: The HUNT Study. J Headache Pain 16, 1–7. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]11Chuang C-S, Lin C-L, Lin M-C, Sung F-C, Kao C-H (2013) Migraine and risk of dementia: A nationwide retrospective cohort study. Neuroepidemiology 41, 139–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]12Hagen K, Stordal E, Linde M, Steiner TJ, Zwart J-A, Stovner LJ (2014) Headache as a risk factor for dementia: A prospective population-based study. Cephalalgia 34, 327–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] ao risco de incidente de ADRD, todos produziram achados positivos significativos, apesar da variação no desenho do estudo, população, duração do acompanhamento e metodologia. Especificamente, conforme detalhado acima, grandes estudos retrospectivos de coorte combinados recentes em cidadãos taiwaneses13Huang S-W, Wang W-T, Chou L-C, Liao C-D, Liou T-H, Lin H-W (2015) Osteoarthritis increases the risk of dementia: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. Sci Rep 5, 10145. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]14Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Liu FC, Chiu YH, Chang HA, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Yeh HW, Kao YC, Chiang WS, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chou YC, Lin FH, Chien WC (2018) Fibromyalgia and risk of dementia-a nation-wide, population-based, cohort study. Am J Med Sci 355, 153–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]15Tzeng N-S, Chung C-H, Lin F-H, Yeh C-B, Huang S-Y, Lu R-B, Chang H-A, Kao Y-C, Chiang W-S, Chou Y-C, Tsao C-H, Wu Y-F, Chien W-C (2017) Headaches and risk of dementia. Am J Med Sci 353, 197–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]16Yang FC, Lin TY, Chen HJ, Lee JT, Lin CC, Kao CH (2016) Increased risk of dementia in patients with tension-type headache: A nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study. Plos One 11, 1–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]17Chuang C-S, Lin C-L, Lin M-C, Sung F-C, Kao C-H (2013) Migraine and risk of dementia: A nationwide retrospective cohort study. Neuroepidemiology 41, 139–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]18Chen KT, Chen YC, Fan YH, Lin WX, Lin WC, Wang YH, Lin L, Chiou JY, Wei JC (2018) Rheumatic diseases are associated with a higher risk of dementia: A nation-wide, population-based, case-control study. Int J Rheum Dis 21, 373–380. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de beneficiários do Medicare nos EUA19Innes KE, Sambamoorthi U (2020) The association of osteoarthritis and related pain burden to incident Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias: A retrospective cohort study of US Medicare beneficiaries. J Alzheimers Dis 75, 789–805. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar], estudos de coorte prospectivos em adultos noruegueses20Røttereng AKS, Bosnes O, Stordal E, Zwart J-A, Linde M, Stovner LJ, Hagen K (2015) Headache as a predictor for dementia: The HUNT Study. J Headache Pain 16, 1–7. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]21Hagen K, Stordal E, Linde M, Steiner TJ, Zwart J-A, Stovner LJ (2014) Headache as a risk factor for dementia: A prospective population-based study. Cephalalgia 34, 327–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] e uma pequena investigação de coorte retrospectiva de residentes de Manitoba22Morton RE, St John PD, Tyas SL (2019) Migraine and the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia: A prospective cohort study in community-dwelling older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34, 1667–1676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] relataram risco significativamente aumentado para incidentes de demência naqueles diagnosticados com osteoartrite23Huang S-W, Wang W-T, Chou L-C, Liao C-D, Liou T-H, Lin H-W (2015) Osteoarthritis increases the risk of dementia: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. Sci Rep 5, 10145. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]24Innes KE, Sambamoorthi U (2020) The association of osteoarthritis and related pain burden to incident Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias: A retrospective cohort study of US Medicare beneficiaries. J Alzheimers Dis 75, 789–805. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]25Chen KT, Chen YC, Fan YH, Lin WX, Lin WC, Wang YH, Lin L, Chiou JY, Wei JC (2018) Rheumatic diseases are associated with a higher risk of dementia: A nation-wide, population-based, case-control study. Int J Rheum Dis 21, 373–380. [PubMed] [Google Scholar], Síndrome de Fibromialgia (SFM)26Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Liu FC, Chiu YH, Chang HA, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Yeh HW, Kao YC, Chiang WS, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chou YC, Lin FH, Chien WC (2018) Fibromyalgia and risk of dementia-a nation-wide, population-based, cohort study. Am J Med Sci 355, 153–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] e dor de cabeça27Morton RE, St John PD, Tyas SL (2019) Migraine and the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia: A prospective cohort study in community-dwelling older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34, 1667–1676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]28Tzeng N-S, Chung C-H, Lin F-H, Yeh C-B, Huang S-Y, Lu R-B, Chang H-A, Kao Y-C, Chiang W-S, Chou Y-C, Tsao C-H, Wu Y-F, Chien W-C (2017) Headaches and risk of dementia. Am J Med Sci 353, 197–206. 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Embora as investigações longitudinais que examinam a relação dos sintomas de dor crônica com os resultados cognitivos adversos permaneçam poucas e os estudos variem amplamente em design, população de estudo, medidas, duração do acompanhamento e outros fatores, os resultados gerais também sugerem que a dor persistente33Whitlock EL, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Glymour MM, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE, Smith AK (2017) Association between persistent pain and memory decline and dementia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. JAMA Intern Med 177, 1146–1153. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar], dor crônica severa34van der Leeuw G, Ayers E, Leveille SG, Blankenstein AH, van der Horst HE, Verghese J (2018) The effect of pain on major cognitive impairment in older adults. J Pain 19, 1435–1444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]35Veronese N, Koyanagi A, Solmi M, Thompson T, Maggi S, Schofield P, Mueller C, Gale CR, Cooper C, Stubbs B (2018) Pain is not associated with cognitive decline in older adults: A four-year longitudinal study. Maturitas 115, 92–96. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] e/ou interferência de dor relatada36Ezzati A, Wang C, Katz MJ, Derby CA, Zammit AR, Zimmerman ME, Pavlovic JM, Sliwinski MJ, Lipton RB (2019) The temporal relationship between pain intensity and pain interference and incident dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 16, 109–115. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] podem prever deterioração subsequente na memória37van der Leeuw G, Ayers E, Leveille SG, Blankenstein AH, van der Horst HE, Verghese J (2018) The effect of pain on major cognitive impairment in older adults. J Pain 19, 1435–1444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]38Veronese N, Koyanagi A, Solmi M, Thompson T, Maggi S, Schofield P, Mueller C, Gale CR, Cooper C, Stubbs B (2018) Pain is not associated with cognitive decline in older adults: A four-year longitudinal study. Maturitas 115, 92–96. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar], declínio cognitivo acelerado39Whitlock EL, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Glymour MM, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE, Smith AK (2017) Association between persistent pain and memory decline and dementia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. JAMA Intern Med 177, 1146–1153. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] e demência.40Ezzati A, Wang C, Katz MJ, Derby CA, Zammit AR, Zimmerman ME, Pavlovic JM, Sliwinski MJ, Lipton RB (2019) The temporal relationship between pain intensity and pain interference and incident dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 16, 109–115. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]41Whitlock EL, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Glymour MM, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE, Smith AK (2017) Association between persistent pain and memory decline and dementia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. JAMA Intern Med 177, 1146–1153. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Em contraste, os achados sobre a associação de condições de dor crônica a formas específicas de demência foram mistos. Por exemplo, enquanto um grande estudo de coorte retrospectivo de cidadãos taiwaneses relatou risco significativamente elevado de incidência de Doença de Alzheimer (DA) em adultos mais velhos com fibromialgia42Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Liu FC, Chiu YH, Chang HA, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Yeh HW, Kao YC, Chiang WS, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chou YC, Lin FH, Chien WC (2018) Fibromyalgia and risk of dementia-a nation-wide, population-based, cohort study. Am J Med Sci 355, 153–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar], o único estudo de osteoartrite e risco de Doença de Alzheimer não sugeriu relação43Wang J-H, Wu Y-J, Tee BL, Lo RY (2018) Medical comorbidity in Alzheimer’s disease: A nested case-control study. J Alzheimers Dis 63, 773–781. [PubMed] [Google Scholar], nem três dos quatro estudos de cefaleia que incluiu a DA como resultado.44Tzeng N-S, Chung C-H, Lin F-H, Yeh C-B, Huang S-Y, Lu R-B, Chang H-A, Kao Y-C, Chiang W-S, Chou Y-C, Tsao C-H, Wu Y-F, Chien W-C (2017) Headaches and risk of dementia. Am J Med Sci 353, 197–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]45Yang FC, Lin TY, Chen HJ, Lee JT, Lin CC, Kao CH (2016) Increased risk of dementia in patients with tension-type headache: A nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study. Plos One 11, 1–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]46Hagen K, Stordal E, Linde M, Steiner TJ, Zwart J-A, Stovner LJ (2014) Headache as a risk factor for dementia: A prospective population-based study. Cephalalgia 34, 327–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Da mesma forma, dos cinco estudos que examinaram a associação de Síndrome de Fibromialgia47Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Liu FC, Chiu YH, Chang HA, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Yeh HW, Kao YC, Chiang WS, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chou YC, Lin FH, Chien WC (2018) Fibromyalgia and risk of dementia-a nation-wide, population-based, cohort study. Am J Med Sci 355, 153–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] ou dor de cabeça48Morton RE, St John PD, Tyas SL (2019) Migraine and the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia: A prospective cohort study in community-dwelling older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34, 1667–1676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]49Tzeng N-S, Chung C-H, Lin F-H, Yeh C-B, Huang S-Y, Lu R-B, Chang H-A, Kao Y-C, Chiang W-S, Chou Y-C, Tsao C-H, Wu Y-F, Chien W-C (2017) Headaches and risk of dementia. Am J Med Sci 353, 197–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]50Yang FC, Lin TY, Chen HJ, Lee JT, Lin CC, Kao CH (2016) Increased risk of dementia in patients with tension-type headache: A nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study. Plos One 11, 1–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]51Hagen K, Stordal E, Linde M, Steiner TJ, Zwart J-A, Stovner LJ (2014) Headache as a risk factor for dementia: A prospective population-based study. Cephalalgia 34, 327–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] à demência vascular incidente, dois estudos relataram risco significativamente aumentado de demência vascular em associação com SFM recém-diagnosticada52Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Liu FC, Chiu YH, Chang HA, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Yeh HW, Kao YC, Chiang WS, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chou YC, Lin FH, Chien WC (2018) Fibromyalgia and risk of dementia-a nation-wide, population-based, cohort study. Am J Med Sci 355, 153–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] ou dor de cabeça autorrelatada53Hagen K, Stordal E, Linde M, Steiner TJ, Zwart J-A, Stovner LJ (2014) Headache as a risk factor for dementia: A prospective population-based study. Cephalalgia 34, 327–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] no início do estudo, enquanto os três estudos restantes, incluindo dois em grandes amostras de cidadãos taiwaneses54Tzeng N-S, Chung C-H, Lin F-H, Yeh C-B, Huang S-Y, Lu R-B, Chang H-A, Kao Y-C, Chiang W-S, Chou Y-C, Tsao C-H, Wu Y-F, Chien W-C (2017) Headaches and risk of dementia. Am J Med Sci 353, 197–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]55Yang FC, Lin TY, Chen HJ, Lee JT, Lin CC, Kao CH (2016) Increased risk of dementia in patients with tension-type headache: A nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study. Plos One 11, 1–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar], não encontrou nenhuma evidência de associação de qualquer tipo de cefaleia ao risco de demência vascular.56Morton RE, St John PD, Tyas SL (2019) Migraine and the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia: A prospective cohort study in community-dwelling older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34, 1667–1676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]57Tzeng N-S, Chung C-H, Lin F-H, Yeh C-B, Huang S-Y, Lu R-B, Chang H-A, Kao Y-C, Chiang W-S, Chou Y-C, Tsao C-H, Wu Y-F, Chien W-C (2017) Headaches and risk of dementia. Am J Med Sci 353, 197–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]58Yang FC, Lin TY, Chen HJ, Lee JT, Lin CC, Kao CH (2016) Increased risk of dementia in patients with tension-type headache: A nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study. Plos One 11, 1–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Em resumo, conforme detalhado acima, as descobertas de estudos publicados existentes de dados longitudinais sugerem que a dor crônica e as condições específicas de dor crônica podem contribuir significativamente para a subsequente deterioração da função cognitiva e conversão para ADRD.
Modelo conceitual preliminar
A Figura 2 fornece um modelo conceitual preliminar para ajudar a orientar futuras pesquisas epidemiológicas, ilustrando os principais caminhos de interação específicos pelos quais a dor crônica e as condições de dor crônica podem contribuir para o declínio cognitivo e o desenvolvimento de comprometimento cognitivo e demência e os fatores ligados à dor crônica e ao risco de ADRD que justificam consideração em modelos causais. Embora outros fatores psicossociais, incluindo a catastrofização da dor, a autoeficácia e as estratégias de enfrentamento também possam desempenhar um papel mediador, a ênfase neste modelo conceitual está nos fatores para os quais as informações estão geralmente disponíveis em grandes bancos de dados clínicos, governamentais, de seguros e outros existentes.
Figura 259[Internet] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Acesse o link.
Ligação entre dor crônica e resultados cognitivos adversos: fatores explicativos potenciais e mecanismos subjacentes
Conforme ilustrado na Figura 2, a dor crônica e as condições de dor crônica podem influenciar os resultados cognitivos por meio de vários caminhos. Conforme resumido abaixo, esses caminhos incluem fatores não modificáveis e modificáveis ligados à dor crônica e ao risco de ADRD e são complexos, interativos e multidimensionais.
Os fatores não modificáveis incluem o aumento da idade e do sexo feminino, fatores forte e positivamente ligados ao risco de dor crônica60Mills SEE, Nicolson KP, Smith BH (2019) Chronic pain: A review of its epidemiology and associated factors in population-based studies. Br J Anaesth 123, e273–e283. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]61Grol-Prokopczyk H (2017) Sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain, based on 12-year longitudinal data. Pain 158, 313–322. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] e demência62Alzheimer’s Association (2019) 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 15 321–387. [Google Scholar], bem como a certos fatores de risco para essas condições.63Alzheimer’s Association (2019) 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 15 321–387. [Google Scholar]64Kuehner C (2017) Why is depression more common among women than among men? Lancet Psychiatry 4, 146–158. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]65Florindo AA, Guimaraes VV, Cesar CL, Barros MB, Alves MC, Goldbaum M (2009) Epidemiology of leisure, transportation, occupational, and household physical activity: Prevalence and associated factors. J Phys Act Health 6, 625–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]66Nusselder WJ, Cambois EM, Wapperom D, Mesle F, Looman CWN, Yokota RTC, Van Oyen H, Jagger C, Robine JM (2019) Women’s excess unhealthy life years: Disentangling the unhealthy life years gap. Eur J Public Health 29, 914–919. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]67Nusselder WJ, Wapperom D, Looman CW, et al. (2019) Contribution of chronic diseases to gender differences in activity limitations. Eur J Public Health 29, 99–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]68Nygård M, Härtull C, Wentjärvi A, Jungerstam S (2017) Poverty and old age in Scandinavia: A problem of gendered injustice? Evidence from the 2010 GERDA Survey in Finland and Sweden. Soc Indic Res 132, 681–698. [Google Scholar] Além disso, foi relatado que adultos negros têm risco elevado de ADRD69Alzheimer’s Association (2019) 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 15 321–387. [Google Scholar] e experimentam dor mais frequente, intensa e incapacitante70Aroke EN, Joseph PV, Roy A, Overstreet DS, Tollefsbol TO, Vance DE, Goodin BR (2019) Could epigenetics help explain racial disparities in chronic pain? J Pain Res 12, 701–710. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] em relação aos caucasianos, embora outros estudos tenham encontrado pouca ou nenhuma evidência para essa associação após o ajuste para o status socioeconômico.71Mills SEE, Nicolson KP, Smith BH (2019) Chronic pain: A review of its epidemiology and associated factors in population-based studies. Br J Anaesth 123, e273–e283. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]72Grol-Prokopczyk H (2017) Sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain, based on 12-year longitudinal data. Pain 158, 313–322. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Conforme observado acima, a dor crônica também pode ter efeitos profundos na função neurocognitiva, com implicações potencialmente significativas para o desenvolvimento de IC e conversão para ADRD. Em uma revisão recente de 53 estudos de desempenho cognitivo em populações com dor crônica, os autores concluíram que a dor crônica estava relacionada a déficits em vários domínios neurocognitivos importantes, incluindo memória, atenção e velocidade de processamento e, embora menos consistentemente, funcionamento executivo.145Higgins DM, Martin AM, Baker DG, Vasterling JJ, Risbrough V (2018) The relationship between chronic pain and neurocognitive function: A systematic review. Clin J Pain 34, 262–275. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Os sistemas neurais envolvidos na memória e na cognição estão intimamente ligados aos envolvidos no processamento da dor e provavelmente afetam uns aos outros reciprocamente146Moriarty O, McGuire BE, Finn DP (2011) The effect of pain on cognitive function: A review of clinical and preclinical research. Prog Neurobiol 93, 385–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]147Seminowicz DA, Ceko M (2015) Can we exploit cognitive brain networks to treat chronic pain? Pain Manag 5, 399–402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar], interrompendo o processamento cognitivo e contribuindo para um ciclo vicioso de dor contínua, alterações neuroestruturais adversas e deterioração da função cognitiva.148Innes KE, Sambamoorthi U (2018) The association of perceived memory loss with osteoarthritis and related joint pain in a large Appalachian population. Pain Med 9, 1340–1356. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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A dor crônica e as condições de dor crônica também podem contribuir para a patogênese da ADRD por outras vias. Por exemplo, a osteoartrite e outras condições de dor crônica foram associadas à ativação das vias centrais de processamento da dor160Sofat N, Ejindu V, Kiely P (2011) What makes osteoarthritis painful? The evidence for local and central pain processing. Rheumatology 50, 2157–2165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]161Ji RR, Nackley A, Huh Y, Terrando N, Maixner W (2018) Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain. Anesthesiology 129, 343–366. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] e à hipersensibilidade do sistema nervoso central162Ji RR, Nackley A, Huh Y, Terrando N, Maixner W (2018) Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain. Anesthesiology 129, 343–366. 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Por exemplo, aumentos sistêmicos na proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade, interleucina-6 e outros mediadores pró-inflamatórios têm sido implicados no desenvolvimento e progressão de condições específicas de dor crônica (por exemplo, osteoartrite, fibromialgia) e comprometimento cognitivos.166Ji RR, Nackley A, Huh Y, Terrando N, Maixner W (2018) Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain. Anesthesiology 129, 343–366. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]167Al-Khazraji BK, Appleton CT, Beier F, Birmingham TB, Shoemaker JK (2018) Osteoarthritis, cerebrovascular dysfunction and the common denominator of inflammation: A narrative review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 26, 462–470. 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Por exemplo, osteoartrite177Sibille KT, Chen H, Bartley EJ, Riley J 3rd, Glover, King CD, Zhang H, Cruz-Almeida Y, Goodin BR, Soto-longo A, Petrov ME, Herbert M, Bulls HW, Edberg JC, Staud R, Redden D, Bradley LA, Fillingim RB (2017) Accelerated aging in adults with knee osteoarthritis pain: Consideration for frequency, intensity, time, and total pain sites. Pain Rep 2, e591. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] e outras condições de dor crônica178Hassett AL, Epel E, Clauw DJ, Harris RE, Harte SE, Kairys A, Buyske S, Williams DA (2012) Pain is associated with short leukocyte telomere length in women with fibromyalgia. J Pain 13, 959–969. 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Pesquisa fraca
A pesquisa sobre a relação da dor crônica e das condições de dor crônica com o declínio cognitivo subsequente e a conversão para comprometimento cognitivo (IC) e demência permanece relativamente escassa, e a relação potencial de certas condições de dor crônica (ou seja, fibromialgia) ou manifestações específicas de dor crônica (por exemplo, dor crônica no joelho ou nas costas) a qualquer resultado cognitivo está atualmente restrita a estudos individuais. Até onde sabemos, nenhuma investigação examinou a ligação potencial entre certas manifestações comuns de dor crônica, incluindo dor no pescoço e dor neuropática, para qualquer resultado cognitivo adverso ou examinou a relação de qualquer condição de dor com toda a trajetória cognitiva, do declínio cognitivo à demência. Além disso, dos 11 estudos aqui apresentados que examinaram a associação de condições comuns de dor crônica à demência incidente, 7 foram conduzidos em Taiwan usando a mesma fonte de dados.
Conclusão
A dor crônica e certas condições de dor crônica podem aumentar o risco de declínio cognitivo acelerado, novo comprometimento cognitivo de início e ADRD incidente. No entanto, a pesquisa permanece escassa e a interpretação dos achados existentes é dificultada pelas limitações metodológicas e outras que caracterizam a maioria dos estudos. Em geral, a relação da dor crônica e das condições de dor crônica com formas específicas de demência permanece incerta.


